Software Engineering Framework

Software Engineering Framework

Any Engineering approach must be founded on organizational commitment to quality. That means the software development organization must have special focus on quality while performing the software engineering activities. Based on this commitment to quality by the organization, a software engineering framework is proposed that is shown in figure 2. The major components of this framework are described below.

Quality Focus

As we have said earlier, the given framework is based on the organizational commitment to quality. The quality focus demands that processes be defined for rational and timely development of software. And quality should be emphasized while executing these processes.

Processes

The processes are set of key process areas (KPAs) for effectively manage and deliver quality software in a cost effective manner. The processes define the tasks to be performed and the order in which they are to be performed. Every task has some deliverables and every deliverable should be delivered at a particular milestone.

Methods

Methods provide the technical view to carryout these tasks. There could be more than one technique to perform a task and different techniques could be used in different situations.

Tools

Tools provide automated or semi-automated support for software processes, methods, and quality control.

The Balancing Act!

Software Engineering is actually the balancing act. You have to balance many things like cost, user friendliness, Efficiency, Reliability etc. You have to analyze which one is the more important feature for your software is it reliability, efficiency, user friendliness or something else. There is always a trade-off among all these requirements of a software. It may be the case that if you try to make it more user-friendly then the efficiency may suffer. And if you try to make it more cost-effective then reliability may suffer. Therefore there is always a trade-off between these characteristics of software.
 

These requirements may be conflicting. For example, there may be tension among the following:

• Cost vs. Efficiency
• Cost vs. Reliability
•  Efficiency vs. User-interface

A software engineer is required to analyze these conflicting entities and tries to strike a balance.

Well Engineered Software

Well-Engineered Software

Let’s talk something about what is well-engineered software. Well-engineered software is one that has the following characteristics.

• It is reliable
• It has good user-interface
• It has acceptable performance
• It is of good quality
• It is cost-effective

Every company can build software with unlimited resources but well-engineered software is one that conforms to all characteristics listed above.
 

Software has very close relationship with economics. Whenever we talk about engineering systems we always first analyze whether this is economically feasible or not. Therefore you have to engineer all the activities of software development while keeping its economical feasibility intact.
 

The major challenges for a software engineer is that he has to build software within limited time and budget in a cost-effective way and with good quality

Therefore well-engineered software has the following characteristics.

• Provides the required functionality
• Maintainable
• Reliable
• Efficient
• User-friendly
• Cost-effective

But most of the times software engineers ends up in conflict among all these goals. It is also a big challenge for a software engineer to resolve all these conflicts.

Software Engineering Introduction

What is Software?

When we write a program for computer we named it as software. But software is not just a program; many things other than the program are also included in software.
Some of the constituted items of software are described below.

Program

The program or code itself is definitely included in the software.

Data

The data on which the program operates is also considered as part of the software.

Documentation

Another very important thing that most of us forget is documentation. All the documents related to the software are also considered as part of the software.

So the software is not just the code written in Cobol, Java, Fortran or C++. It also includes the data and all the documentation related to the program.

Why is it important?

Undoubtedly software is playing a vital role in all the field of life these days. We can see many software applications being operated around us in our daily routine.
Some of the major areas in which software has played an important role are identified as under.

Business decision-making

Software systems have played a major role in businesses where you have to analyze your data and on the basis of that analysis you have to make business decisions. This process of data analysis and decision-making has become very accurate and easy by the use of software.

Modern scientific investigation and engineering problem solving

Scientific investigations and engineering problem solving require an intensive amount of calculations and data analysis. The accuracy of these analyses is also very important in scientific applications. This process has become very easy and accurate by the use of software. For example software systems are becoming more involved in bioinformatics and the process of DNA decoding is only possible by the use of software systems. Similarly many astronomical observations are being recorded and analyzed by the software systems these days.

Games

We see many computer games these days that interests people of all ages. All these games are drive through software systems.

Embedded systems

We see many kinds of gadgets being employed in our daily used things, like small microcontrollers used in our cars, televisions, microwave ovens etc. All these systems are controlled through the software.

Similarly in many other fields like education, office automation, Internet applications etc, software is being used. Due to its central importance and massive use in many fields it is contributing a lot in terms of economic activity started by the software products. Billions and trillions of dollars are being invested in this field throughout the world every year.

Engineering

Before moving on to software engineering lets first discuss something about engineering itself. If you survey some of the dictionaries then you will find the following definition of engineering.

“The process of productive use of scientific knowledge is called engineering”.

The science concerned with putting scientific knowledge to practical use. Webster’s Dictionary
There are many engineering fields like electrical, mechanical and civil engineering. All these branches of engineering are based on physics. Physics itself is not engineering but the use of physics in making buildings, electronic devices and machines is engineering. When we use physics in constructing buildings then it is called civil engineering. When we use physics in making machines like engines or cars then it is called mechanical engineering. And when we apply the knowledge of physics in developing electronic devices then the process is called electrical engineering. The relation of computer science with software engineering is similar as the relation of physics with the electrical, mechanical or civil engineering or for that matter the relation of any basic science with any engineering field. So in this context we can define software engineering as: “This is the process of utilizing our knowledge of computer science in efective production of software systems”.

Difference Between Software and Other Systems

Now lets talk something about how a software system is different from any other systems. For example, how software is different from a car, a TV or the similar systems or what is the difference between software engineering and other engineering like mechanical or electrical engineering. Lets look at some of the non-software systems like TV, Car or an Electric Bulb. The car may be malfunctioned due to some problem in engine while driving. Similarly an electric bulb may be fused while glowing and a TV could be dysfunctional while working. So the major thing that distinguishes a software system from other systems is that;

“Software does not wear out!”

What does that mean?

As we have seen in above example that our non-software systems could be malfunctioned or crash while working. That mean they are affected by the phenomenon of wear and tear. They have a particular life and after that they could have some problem and may not behave and perform as expected. But this is not the case with software. Software systems does not affect by the phenomenon of wear and tear. If a software has any defect then that defect will be there from the very first day and that defect normally called bug. That means if a software is not working then it should not work from the very first day. But this could not be the case that at a particular point in time a software is functioning well and after some time the same software is not performing the same task as required. So software does not have the element of wear and tear. Lets elaborate this point further. We have just talked about software defects which we call bugs. If a part of a car became wear out you just need to get a new one from market and replace the damages one with the new one. And the car will start working properly as it was working previously. Similarly if an electric bulb got fused then you just need to get a new one and put into the socket in place of the fused one and your room will again be illuminated. But the case of software is somewhat different. If a software has a bug then the same process of replacing faulty part with the new one may not work. You cannot remove the bug by just replacing the faulty part of software with the new one. Or it will not be as simple that, you go to the concerned company, get a new CD of that software and it will start working properly. If the software has a bug and that bug was present in the older CD then that will remain in the new one. This is a fundamental difference between a software and other systems.

What is Software Crisis?

Computer systems were very new and primitive in early fifties and the use of software was also very limited at that time. It was limited to some scientific applications or used to process the data of census. In 1960s a great amount of rapid improvement was made in hardware. New hardware and new computer systems were made available. These computer systems were far more powerful than the computers of early fifties. It is all relative, the computers of 1960s are primitive as compare to the computers we have these days but were far more powerful than the computers of early fifties. More powerful hardware resulted into the development of more powerful and complex software. Those very complex software was very difficult to write. So the tools and techniques that were used for less complex software became inapplicable for the more complex software. Lets try to understand this with the help of an example. Lets imagine a person who use to live in a village and who have constructed a hut for him to live. Definitely he should have face some problems in the beginning but was managed to build a hurt for him. Now if you ask him to construct another hut, he may be able to construct one more easily and in a better way. This new hut may be better than the first one and he may construct it in a relatively less time. But if you ask him to construct concrete and iron houses then he may not be able to handle it. Since he made a hut and he know how to make a place to live so you may expect from him to build concrete and iron buildings. If this is the case then you should all agree that the building constructed by that person will not have a stable structure or he may not even be able to build one.

In early 60s software had suffered from the similar kind of problem to which we call Software Crisis. Techniques that were used to develop small software were not applicable for large software systems. This thing resulted in the following consequences.

• In most of the cases that software which was tried to be build using those old tools and techniques were not complete.
• Most of the times it was delivered too late.
• Most of the projects were over-budgeted.
• And in most of the case systems build using these techniques were not reliable – meaning that they were not be able to do what they were expected to do.

As a result of these problems a conference were held in 1960 in which the term software crisis was introduced. And the major issue discussed was that the development of software is in crisis and we have not been able to handle its complexities. And the term of Software Engineering was also coined in the same conference. People have said that, we should use engineering principles in developing software in the same way as we use these principles in developing cars, buildings, electronic devices etc. Software engineering is the result of software crisis when people realized that it is not possible to construct complex software using the techniques applicable in 1960s. An important result of this thing was that people had realized that just coding is not enough.

Software Engineering as defined by IEEE: Lets look at some of the definitions of software engineering.
 

Software Engineering as defined by IEEE (International institute of Electric and Electronic Engineering). IEEE is an authentic institution regarding the computer related issues.
“The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is, the application of engineering to software.”

Definition of Software Engineering given by Ian Somerville:
“All aspects of software production’ Software engineering is not just concerned with the technical processes of software development but also with activities such as software project management and with the development of tools, methods and theories to support software production”.

Major Points, Flounce of C Language,

Major points
o program execution begins at main()
o keywords are written in lower-case
o statements are terminated with a semi-colon (;) called terminator
o text strings are enclosed in double quotes
o C is case sensitive, use lower-case and try not to capitalize variable names
o printf() can be used to display text to the screen and used for output
o sacnf() can be used to store any value in variable and used for input
o the curly braces {} define the beginning and end of a program/function block

Flounce of C Language
Alphabets Constant
Digit Variable Instructions Program
Special Symbol Keywords

Constant
Unchangeable value is called constant. Constants are quantities whose values do not change during program execution. They may be numeric or character.

Numeric Constant
Numeric constants are two types i.e. integer and real constant.
Inter Constants: -Integers represents values that are counted, like the number of students in a class. An integer constant is a string of digits that does not include commas or a decimal point. Some examples of valid integer constant are: 0, 7145, -225, -9528 etc

Rules for Integer Constant
􀂾 An integer constant must have at least one digit.
􀂾 It must not have a decimal point.
􀂾 If no sign precedes an integer constant it is assumed to be positive.
􀂾 No commas or blanks are allowed with in an integer constant.
􀂾 The allowable range for integer constant is -32768 to 32767.

Real Constant (Floating-point Constant)
Real constant are often called floating point constant. The real constants are used to represent values that are measured, like the height of a person which have a value like 166.75 cm. The real constants could be written in two forms, exponential form and fractional form.

Rules for Real Constant
􀂾 A real constant must have at least one digit.
􀂾 It must have a decimal point.
􀂾 It could be either positive or negative default sign is positive.
􀂾 No commas or blanks are allowed with in a real constant.

Rules for Exponential Form
􀂾 The mantissa part and the exponential part should be separated by a letter ‘e’.
􀂾 The mantissa part may have a positive or negative sign.
􀂾 Default sign of mantissa part is positive.
􀂾 The exponential must have at least one digit which must be a positive or negative are integer.
􀂾 Range of real constant expressed in exponential form is 3.4e38 to 3.4e38.

Character Constant
A character constant in one of the symbols in the a character ser. Although this character set may vary one C implementation to another, it includes digits (0-9), alphabets (a to z), symbols etc. a character constant is enclosed by single quotes such a s ’a’.

Rules for Character Constant
􀂾 A character constant is a single alphabet, a single digit or a single special symbol enclosed with in a single Inverted Coma (‘).
􀂾 Both the inverted comas should point to the left.
􀂾 The length of character constant can be one character.

VARIABLE
Changeable value is called variable. When a variable is used in a computer program, the computer associates it with a particular memory location. A variable is a space in the computer memory set aside for a certain kind of data and given a name for reference.
Rules for Constructing Variable Name
􀂾 A variable name is any combination of 1 to 8 alphabets, digits or under score.
􀂾 The first character in the variable must be an alphabet or underscore.
􀂾 No commas or blanks are allowed in variable name.
􀂾 No special symbol other than an underscore can be used in a variable name.

KEYWORDS
Keywords are the words meaning has already been explained to the compiler. The keywords cannot be used as a variable name if we do so we are trying to assign a new meaning to the keyword, which are not allowed by the computer. There are only 32 keywords available in C.
(1) auto (2) break (3) case (4) char (5) const (6) continue (7) default (8) do (9) double (10) else (11) enum (12) extern (13) float (14) far (15) for (16) goto (17) if (18) int (19) long (20) near (21) register (22) return (23) short (24) signed (25) static (26) struct (27) switch (28) typedef (29) union (30) unsigned (31) void (32) while.

Basic Structure of C Program

#include<stdio.h>

The # sign indicates that this is an instruction for the C compiler and includes information about how to use the functions from the <stdio.h> stand for Standard Device Input/Output header. Usually the standard input device is your keyboard and the standard output device a terminal which is displayed on your monitor. One item included in this header is a declaration of the function printf(). This library is very widely used.

#include <conio.h>

This line tells C to include information about how to use the functions from the Common Input Output library.

void main()

main() is a program building block called function. C programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of which must be main. The keyword void to the left of the main indicated that main can not return any value. The parentheses after main indicates that main is a program building block called function.

{ the left braces begin the body of every of every function and a corresponding right brace } must means end the body of each function.

clrscr();

It is a built in function for clear screen and as ; (semicolon) at the end of line its means that the statement end with ; all the statements in C are terminated ; (semicolon) called terminator.

printf(“Hello! Students.”);

It is also a built in function of C to interact compiler for print message in console output screen, which are mention with parentheses and double quote.

getch();

It is also a built in function, this function can get any character from user on run time, and mostly this function is used for stop any program on any specific location when user can enter any key then program goes on.

How to Write, Compile, Link and Run the C Program?

We use Turbo IDE that provides the central location where the entire C program that can be written, compile, link and run. Following steps are required for working with Turbo C IDE. By S. Zaffar Iqbal

Step 1: Select the icon/shortcut TC.EXE from the BIN folder present in the TC. This action will open the Turbo C++ IDE (program), where we can perform all the relevant activities associated with the C program. After properly opening the Turbo C IDE, a program with blue color will be appeared on the screen. It is the place where we do our programming work.

Step2: Now write the program.

Step 3: Now Save the file with the name “student.c” by pressing F2, or by selecting the Save option from the File Menu.

Step 4: Now compile the file by pressing the Alt + F9, or by selecting the Compile option of the compile menu (after the successful compilation of .c and object file .obj will be generated).

Step 5: Now link the file by selecting the link option of the Compile menu. After linking the file the .exe will be generated.

Step 6: Instead of Using the Option 4 and 5 directly press F9 or use the Make option of the of the Compiler menu, that which the program is compile and link with the single command.

Step 7: For running the program press Ctrl + F9 or select the Run option from the Run menu. After selecting this option, the Turbo C IDE, will run the program, but before running the IDE compile and link the file automatically, so instead of using the options 4 to 6, simply press the Run or Ctrl + F9, by which the compile, linking, and running process will be perform in a single tern.

Step 8: Since the speed of the computer is so fast, so we view the output Hello Students! Since after displaying the output return the control to the Turbo C IDE. For displaying the output press the Alt+F5.

Step 9: Press Alt + X, or select the Quit option from the File menu, to exit from the Turbo C IDE.

A Brief History of C Language

In 1960’s hundreds of languages had come into existence, almost each for a specific purpose. For example: COBOL was being used for commercial applications, FORTRAN for engineering and Scientific Applications and so on. At this stage people started thinking that instead of learning and using so many languages, each for a different purpose, why not use only one language, which can program all possible applications. Therefore, an international committee was set up to develop such a language. This committee came out with a language called ALGOL in 1960. However, ALGOL 60 never really becomes popular because it seemed too abstract, too general. To reduce this abstractness and generality, a new language called Common Programming Language (CPL) was developed at Cambridge University in 1963. CPL was an attempt to bring ALGOL 60 down to earth. However, CPL turned out to be so big, having so many features, that it was hard to learn and difficult to implement. Basic Combined Programming Language (BCPL) developed by Martin Richards at Cambridge University in 1967 aimed to solve this solve this problem bringing CPL down to its basic good features. But unfortunately it turned out to be too less powerful and too specific.

Around the same time Ken Thompson at AT&T Bell Lab’s as further simplification of CPL wrote a language called B. But unlike BCPL, the B language too turned out to be very specific. Dennis Ritchie inherited the features of B and BCPL, added some of his own and developed C language.

What is Software Development Life Cycle or SDLC?

Explain Software Development Life Cycle and its different phases and the related activities of information system.

System Study
System study is the first stage of system development life cycle. This gives a clear picture of what actually the physical system is? In practice, the system study is done in two phases. In the first phase, the preliminary survey of the system is done which helps in identifying the scope of the system. The second phase of the system study is more detailed and in-depth study in which the identification of user’s requirement and the limitations and problems of the present system are studied. After completing the system study, a system proposal is prepared by the System Analyst (who studies the system) and placed before the user. The proposed system contains the findings of the present system and recommendations to overcome the limitations and problems of the present system in the light of the user’s requirements. To describe the system study phase more analytically, we would say that system study phase passes through the following steps:
     problem identification and project initiation
     background analysis
     inference or findings

Feasibility Study
On the basis of result of the initial study, feasibility study takes place. The feasibility study is basically the test of the proposed system in the light of its workability, meeting user’s requirements, effective use of resources and .of course, the cost effectiveness. The main goal of feasibility study is not to solve the problem but to achieve the scope. In the process of feasibility study, the cost and benefits are estimated with greater accuracy.

System Analysis
Assuming that a new system is to be developed, the next phase is system analysis. Analysis involved a detailed study of the current system, leading to specifications of a new system. Analysis is a detailed study of various operations performed by a system and their relationships within and outside the system. During analysis, data are collected on the available files, decision points and transactions handled by the present system. Interviews, on-site observation and questionnaire are the tools used for system analysis. Using the following steps it becomes easy to draw the exact boundary of the new system under consideration:
     Keeping in view the problems and new requirements
     Workout the pros and cons including new areas of the system
All procedures, requirements must be analyzed and documented in the form of detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs), data dictionary, logical data structures and miniature specifications. System Analysis also includes sub-dividing of complex process involving the entire system, identification of data store and manual processes.
The main points to be discussed in system analysis are:
     Specification of what the new system is to accomplish based on the user requirements.
     Functional hierarchy showing the functions to be performed by the new system and their relationship with each other.
     Function network which are similar to function hierarchy but they highlight those functions which are common to more than one procedure.
     List of attributes of the entities - these are the data items which need to be held about each entity (record).

System Design
Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of a new system, the new system must be designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is a most crucial phase in the development of a system. Normally, the design proceeds in two stages:
     Preliminary or general design
     Structure or detailed design
Preliminary or general design: In the preliminary or general design, the features of the new system are specified. The costs of implementing these features and the benefits to be derived are estimated. If the project is still considered to be feasible, we move to the detailed design stage.
Structure or Detailed design: In the detailed design stage, computer oriented work begins in earnest. At this stage, the design of the system becomes more structured. Structure design is a blue print of a computer system solution to a given problem having the same components and inter-relationship among the same components as the original problem. Input, output and processing specifications are drawn up in detail. In the design stage, the programming language and the platform in which the new system will run are also decided. There are several tools and techniques used for designing. These tools and techniques are:
     Flowchart
     Data flow diagram (DFDs)
     Data dictionary
     Structured English
     Decision table
     Decision tree

Coding
After designing the new system, the whole system is required to be converted into computer understanding language. Coding the new system into computer programming language does this. It is an important stage where the defined procedures are transformed into control specifications by the help of a computer language. This is also called the programming phase in which the programmer converts the program specifications into computer instructions, which we refer as programs. The programs coordinate the data movements and control the entire process in a system. It is generally felt that the programs must be modular in nature. This helps in fast development, maintenance and future change, if required.

Testing
Before actually implementing the new system into operations, a test run of the system is done removing all the bugs, if any. It is an important phase of a successful system. After codifying the whole programs of the system, a test plan should be developed and run on a given set of test data. The output of the test run should match the expected results.
Using the test data following test run are carried out:
     Unit test
     System test
Unit test: When the programs have been coded and compiled and brought to working conditions, they must be individually tested with the prepared test data. Any undesirable happening must be noted and debugged (error corrections).
System Test: After carrying out the unit test for each of the programs of the system and when errors are removed, then system test is done. At this stage the test is done on actual data. The complete system is executed on the actual data. At each stage of the execution, the results or output of the system is analyzed. During the result analysis, it may be found that the outputs are not matching the expected out of the system. In such case, the errors in the particular programs are identified and are fixed and further tested for the expected output.
When it is ensured that the system is running error-free, the users are called with their own actual data so that the system could be shown running as per their requirements.

Implementation
After having the user acceptance of the new system developed, the implementation phase begins. Implementation is the stage of a project during which theory is turned into practice. During this phase, all the programs of the system are loaded onto the user's computer. After loading the system, training of the users starts. Main topics of such type of training are:
     How to execute the package
     How to enter the data
     How to process the data (processing details)
     How to take out the reports
After the users are trained about the computerized system, manual working has to shift from manual to computerized working. The following two strategies are followed for running the system:
Parallel run: In such run for a certain defined period, both the systems i.e. computerized and manual are executed in parallel. This strategy is helpful because of the following:
     Manual results can be compared with the results of the computerized system.
     Failure of the computerized system at the early stage, does not affect the working of the organization, because the manual system continues to work, as it used to do.
Pilot run: In this type of run, the new system is installed in parts. Some part of the new system is installed first and executed successfully for considerable time period. When the results are found satisfactory then only other parts are implemented. This strategy builds the confidence and the errors are traced easily.
 

Maintenance
Maintenance is necessary to eliminate errors in the system during its working life and to tune the system to any variations in its working environment. It has been seen that there are always some errors found in the system that must be noted and corrected. It also means the review of the system from time to time. The review of the system is done for:
     knowing the full capabilities of the system
     knowing the required changes or the additional requirements
     studying the performance
If a major change to a system is needed, a new project may have to be set up to carry out the change. The new project will then proceed through all the above life cycle phases.

C Language Video Tutorials

C is a high level language (C is often called a "Middle Level" programming language) created by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1972. The language was created for a specific purpose: to design the UNIX operating system (which is used on many computers). Because C is such a powerful and flexible language, its use quickly spread beyond Bell Labs. Programmers everywhere began using it to write all sorts of programs. Soon, however, different organizations began utilizing their own versions of C, and subtle differences between implementations started to cause programmers headaches. In response to this problem, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) formed a committee in 1983 to establish a standard definition of C, which became known as ANSI Standard C. With few exceptions, every modern C compiler has the ability to adhere to this standard.

Logical Tutorial C language 1

Logical Tutorial C language 2

Logical Tutorial C language 3

Logical Tutorial C language 4

Logical Tutorial C language 5

Logical Tutorial C language 6

Logical Tutorial C language 7

Logical Tutorial C language 8

Logical Tutorial C language 9

Logical Tutorial C language 10

Logical Tutorial C language 11

Logical Tutorial C language 12

MS Word 2007 Video Tutorials

Microsoft Word

This is a popular word processing package used for writing letters. This is a versatile package suitable for a beginner as well as an advanced user. From writing a simple letter to a complete full featured book that includes all the details like circuit diagrams, drawings, scientific notations, index and contents etc. This software is part of MS Office software.

Logical Tutorail MS Word 1

Logical Tutorial MS Word 2

Logical Tutorial MS Word 3

Logical Tutorial MS Word 4

Logical Tutorial MS Word 5

Logical Tutorial MS Word 6

Logical Tutorial MS Word 7

What is computer and communication science?

What is computer science?
Computer science is the field of study that deals with the structure and operations of computer systems, the study of computers including both hardware and software design. Computer sciences were established as a discipline around the early 1960s. Most universities now offer bachelor, master and doctorate degrees in computer sciences.
 

What is communication science?
Communication science is the field of study that deals with the structure and operations of communication system. The external architecture of a computer involves electronic signals being passed from component to component. It is a natural extension of this idea to send signals out of the computer to another computer perhaps thousands of kilometers away, the field of study that deals with the exchange of information & ideas and data transmission accurse between two transmitters or receivers with the help of some medium.

Introduction to Information Technology

Information Technology consists of two words and a single term but it encloses in itself a vast measuring relating to any country’s development and progress, since it’s an era of computer the introduction of IT has proved to be quite useful. When the field of communication science was near to decline, another field of computer sciences arose which was felt beneficial in uprising the level of communication sciences; then they were being merged into one-another to form a new field called information technology or info tech or IT. In this technology computer is being used as a useful tool.

Definitions:

• IT is the mergers of two Sciences, i.e. Computer Sciences & High-speed Communication Sciences.
• Information technology is the use of science to store, handle, process and transmit information.
• Technology to store, send, receive, process and present the information is called Information Technology. 
• Information Technology is the methods, for using modern technology for storing, processing, analyzing and communication of information. 
• When we learn study the latest information about the technology which is now-a-days enhanced to utilize these information’s practically and solve the requirement of the casual person is called as IT.

The Information Technology is now as vital as the air we breathe. Information technology is changing conventional meaning of time, distance, and space with cell phones, pages, machines and portable computers.